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Many other Scientologist-run services and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the usage of Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who want to end up being Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.


Another well-known WISE-affiliated service is e. Republic, a publishing business based in Folsom, California. e. Republic publications include Federal government Technology and Converge magazines. The Center for Digital Federal government is a department of e. Republic that was established in 1999. Web ISP EarthLink was established by Scientologists Sky Dayton and Reed Slatkin as a Scientology business.




This area requires expansion. You can assist by including to it. In order to help with the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or highly regarded people. Church of Scientology Perth. Though it has achieved some trustworthiness as a faith in lots of nations, Scientology has also been referred to as both a cult and a commercial enterprise.

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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field individuals it views as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.


Scientologists were also founded guilty of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner mentions that Scientology's "high level of exposure" may be perceived as "threatening to developed social institutions".


From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.

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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).


Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.


Scientology mentions its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as identified in an internet survey run by the presidential shift group getting public input for the inbound administration.

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State Department has actually criticized Western European nations for discrimination against Scientologists in its published yearly International Religious Liberty report, based upon the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998. In some nations Scientology is treated legally as a company, and not as a faith or charitable company. [] In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was approved a tax-exemption for the 10% license fees sent out to the US. The word Scientology (and numerous related terms, consisting of L. Ron Hubbard) is important site a signed up trademark. Religious Technology Center, the owner of the hallmarks and copyrights, takes a difficult line on people and groups who attempt to use it in ways unaffiliated with the official Church (see Scientology and the legal system).


Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later renamed the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and committed among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by a company not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).


In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No individual or company was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.

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The Church has likewise in the past made a knockout post use of aggressive strategies in resolving those it sees as trying to suppress them, known as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair video game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its creator.


Utilizing blank paper known to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb risks in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to prison for click now a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.